Subsequently, the antiproliferative activities of the PS conjugates, including dark toxicity and phototoxicity (660 nM, light dose: 10 J/cm²), were evaluated. Dark toxicity refers to the toxicity of PS conjugates against cancer cells in the absence of light and can be regarded as a crucial measure of the safety profile, while phototoxicity is the most direct indicator of the PDT efficacy of PS. The results showed that the dark toxicity of all the compounds against the five cell lines was comparatively low, demonstrating that the PS conjugates exhibited a high safety index in the absence of light. Compound 8b exhibited the optimum tumor cell selectivity in terms of phototoxicity, with the IC50 values of 0.82 uM against HepG2 cells and 2.4 uM against Huh-7 cells, respectively, whereas its toxicity against GPC3-negative cell lines was >10 uM. Although compounds 8a and 8c-d exhibited excellent phototoxicity against HepG2 and Huh-7 cells, (IC50 range: 0.2-2.0 uM), these compounds lacked selectivity between GPC3-overexpressed and GPC3-negative cells because they also showed considerable phototoxicity against the cell lines with minimal GPC3 expression. Notably, compound 1 showed low phototoxicity and selectivity against all the tested cell lines (IC50 > 10 uM).

Subsequently, the antiproliferative activities of the PS conjugates, including dark toxicity and phototoxicity (660 nM, light dose: 10 J/cm²), were evaluated. Dark toxicity refers to the toxicity of PS conjugates against cancer cells in the absence of light and can be regarded as a crucial measure of the safety profile, while phototoxicity is the most direct indicator of the PDT efficacy of PS. The results showed that the dark toxicity of all the compounds against the five cell lines was comparatively low, demonstrating that the PS conjugates exhibited a high safety index in the absence of light. Compound 8b exhibited the optimum tumor cell selectivity in terms of phototoxicity, with the IC50 values of 0.82 uM against HepG2 cells and 2.4 uM against Huh-7 cells, respectively, whereas its toxicity against GPC3-negative cell lines was >10 uM. Although compounds 8a and 8c-d exhibited excellent phototoxicity against HepG2 and Huh-7 cells, (IC50 range: 0.2-2.0 uM), these compounds lacked selectivity between GPC3-overexpressed and GPC3-negative cells because they also showed considerable phototoxicity against the cell lines with minimal GPC3 expression. Notably, compound 1 showed low phototoxicity and selectivity against all the tested cell lines (IC50 > 10 uM).

Subsequently, the antiproliferative activities of the PS conjugates, including dark toxicity and phototoxicity (660 nM, light dose: 10 J/cm²), were evaluated. Dark toxicity refers to the toxicity of PS conjugates against cancer cells in the absence of light and can be regarded as a crucial measure of the safety profile, while phototoxicity is the most direct indicator of the PDT efficacy of PS. The results showed that the dark toxicity of all the compounds against the five cell lines was comparatively low, demonstrating that the PS conjugates exhibited a high safety index in the absence of light. Compound 8b exhibited the optimum tumor cell selectivity in terms of phototoxicity, with the IC50 values of 0.82 uM against HepG2 cells and 2.4 uM against Huh-7 cells, respectively, whereas its toxicity against GPC3-negative cell lines was >10 uM. Although compounds 8a and 8c-d exhibited excellent phototoxicity against HepG2 and Huh-7 cells, (IC50 range: 0.2-2.0 uM), these compounds lacked selectivity between GPC3-overexpressed and GPC3-negative cells because they also showed considerable phototoxicity against the cell lines with minimal GPC3 expression. Notably, compound 1 showed low phototoxicity and selectivity against all the tested cell lines (IC50 > 10 uM).

Subsequently, the antiproliferative activities of the PS conjugates, including dark toxicity and phototoxicity (660 nM, light dose: 10 J/cm²), were evaluated. Dark toxicity refers to the toxicity of PS conjugates against cancer cells in the absence of light and can be regarded as a crucial measure of the safety profile, while phototoxicity is the most direct indicator of the PDT efficacy of PS. The results showed that the dark toxicity of all the compounds against the five cell lines was comparatively low, demonstrating that the PS conjugates exhibited a high safety index in the absence of light. Compound 8b exhibited the optimum tumor cell selectivity in terms of phototoxicity, with the IC50 values of 0.82 uM against HepG2 cells and 2.4 uM against Huh-7 cells, respectively, whereas its toxicity against GPC3-negative cell lines was >10 uM. Although compounds 8a and 8c-d exhibited excellent phototoxicity against HepG2 and Huh-7 cells, (IC50 range: 0.2-2.0 uM), these compounds lacked selectivity between GPC3-overexpressed and GPC3-negative cells because they also showed considerable phototoxicity against the cell lines with minimal GPC3 expression. Notably, compound 1 showed low phototoxicity and selectivity against all the tested cell lines (IC50 > 10 uM).

Subsequently, the antiproliferative activities of the PS conjugates, including dark toxicity and phototoxicity (660 nM, light dose: 10 J/cm²), were evaluated. Dark toxicity refers to the toxicity of PS conjugates against cancer cells in the absence of light and can be regarded as a crucial measure of the safety profile, while phototoxicity is the most direct indicator of the PDT efficacy of PS. The results showed that the dark toxicity of all the compounds against the five cell lines was comparatively low, demonstrating that the PS conjugates exhibited a high safety index in the absence of light. Compound 8b exhibited the optimum tumor cell selectivity in terms of phototoxicity, with the IC50 values of 0.82 uM against HepG2 cells and 2.4 uM against Huh-7 cells, respectively, whereas its toxicity against GPC3-negative cell lines was >10 uM. Although compounds 8a and 8c-d exhibited excellent phototoxicity against HepG2 and Huh-7 cells, (IC50 range: 0.2-2.0 uM), these compounds lacked selectivity between GPC3-overexpressed and GPC3-negative cells because they also showed considerable phototoxicity against the cell lines with minimal GPC3 expression. Notably, compound 1 showed low phototoxicity and selectivity against all the tested cell lines (IC50 > 10 uM).

Subsequently, the antiproliferative activities of the PS conjugates, including dark toxicity and phototoxicity (660 nM, light dose: 10 J/cm²), were evaluated. Dark toxicity refers to the toxicity of PS conjugates against cancer cells in the absence of light and can be regarded as a crucial measure of the safety profile, while phototoxicity is the most direct indicator of the PDT efficacy of PS. The results showed that the dark toxicity of all the compounds against the five cell lines was comparatively low, demonstrating that the PS conjugates exhibited a high safety index in the absence of light. Compound 8b exhibited the optimum tumor cell selectivity in terms of phototoxicity, with the IC50 values of 0.82 uM against HepG2 cells and 2.4 uM against Huh-7 cells, respectively, whereas its toxicity against GPC3-negative cell lines was >10 uM. Although compounds 8a and 8c-d exhibited excellent phototoxicity against HepG2 and Huh-7 cells, (IC50 range: 0.2-2.0 uM), these compounds lacked selectivity between GPC3-overexpressed and GPC3-negative cells because they also showed considerable phototoxicity against the cell lines with minimal GPC3 expression. Notably, compound 1 showed low phototoxicity and selectivity against all the tested cell lines (IC50 > 10 uM).

Subsequently, the antiproliferative activities of the PS conjugates, including dark toxicity and phototoxicity (660 nM, light dose: 10 J/cm²), were evaluated. Dark toxicity refers to the toxicity of PS conjugates against cancer cells in the absence of light and can be regarded as a crucial measure of the safety profile, while phototoxicity is the most direct indicator of the PDT efficacy of PS. The results showed that the dark toxicity of all the compounds against the five cell lines was comparatively low, demonstrating that the PS conjugates exhibited a high safety index in the absence of light. Compound 8b exhibited the optimum tumor cell selectivity in terms of phototoxicity, with the IC50 values of 0.82 uM against HepG2 cells and 2.4 uM against Huh-7 cells, respectively, whereas its toxicity against GPC3-negative cell lines was >10 uM. Although compounds 8a and 8c-d exhibited excellent phototoxicity against HepG2 and Huh-7 cells, (IC50 range: 0.2-2.0 uM), these compounds lacked selectivity between GPC3-overexpressed and GPC3-negative cells because they also showed considerable phototoxicity against the cell lines with minimal GPC3 expression. Notably, compound 1 showed low phototoxicity and selectivity against all the tested cell lines (IC50 > 10 uM).

Subsequently, the antiproliferative activities of the PS conjugates, including dark toxicity and phototoxicity (660 nM, light dose: 10 J/cm²), were evaluated. Dark toxicity refers to the toxicity of PS conjugates against cancer cells in the absence of light and can be regarded as a crucial measure of the safety profile, while phototoxicity is the most direct indicator of the PDT efficacy of PS. The results showed that the dark toxicity of all the compounds against the five cell lines was comparatively low, demonstrating that the PS conjugates exhibited a high safety index in the absence of light. Compound 8b exhibited the optimum tumor cell selectivity in terms of phototoxicity, with the IC50 values of 0.82 uM against HepG2 cells and 2.4 uM against Huh-7 cells, respectively, whereas its toxicity against GPC3-negative cell lines was >10 uM. Although compounds 8a and 8c-d exhibited excellent phototoxicity against HepG2 and Huh-7 cells, (IC50 range: 0.2-2.0 uM), these compounds lacked selectivity between GPC3-overexpressed and GPC3-negative cells because they also showed considerable phototoxicity against the cell lines with minimal GPC3 expression. Notably, compound 1 showed low phototoxicity and selectivity against all the tested cell lines (IC50 > 10 uM).

Subsequently, the antiproliferative activities of the PS conjugates, including dark toxicity and phototoxicity (660 nM, light dose: 10 J/cm²), were evaluated. Dark toxicity refers to the toxicity of PS conjugates against cancer cells in the absence of light and can be regarded as a crucial measure of the safety profile, while phototoxicity is the most direct indicator of the PDT efficacy of PS. The results showed that the dark toxicity of all the compounds against the five cell lines was comparatively low, demonstrating that the PS conjugates exhibited a high safety index in the absence of light. Compound 8b exhibited the optimum tumor cell selectivity in terms of phototoxicity, with the IC50 values of 0.82 uM against HepG2 cells and 2.4 uM against Huh-7 cells, respectively, whereas its toxicity against GPC3-negative cell lines was >10 uM. Although compounds 8a and 8c-d exhibited excellent phototoxicity against HepG2 and Huh-7 cells, (IC50 range: 0.2-2.0 uM), these compounds lacked selectivity between GPC3-overexpressed and GPC3-negative cells because they also showed considerable phototoxicity against the cell lines with minimal GPC3 expression. Notably, compound 1 showed low phototoxicity and selectivity against all the tested cell lines (IC50 > 10 uM).

Subsequently, the antiproliferative activities of the PS conjugates, including dark toxicity and phototoxicity (660 nM, light dose: 10 J/cm²), were evaluated. Dark toxicity refers to the toxicity of PS conjugates against cancer cells in the absence of light and can be regarded as a crucial measure of the safety profile, while phototoxicity is the most direct indicator of the PDT efficacy of PS. The results showed that the dark toxicity of all the compounds against the five cell lines was comparatively low, demonstrating that the PS conjugates exhibited a high safety index in the absence of light. Compound 8b exhibited the optimum tumor cell selectivity in terms of phototoxicity, with the IC50 values of 0.82 uM against HepG2 cells and 2.4 uM against Huh-7 cells, respectively, whereas its toxicity against GPC3-negative cell lines was >10 uM. Although compounds 8a and 8c-d exhibited excellent phototoxicity against HepG2 and Huh-7 cells, (IC50 range: 0.2-2.0 uM), these compounds lacked selectivity between GPC3-overexpressed and GPC3-negative cells because they also showed considerable phototoxicity against the cell lines with minimal GPC3 expression. Notably, compound 1 showed low phototoxicity and selectivity against all the tested cell lines (IC50 > 10 uM).

Subsequently, the antiproliferative activities of the PS conjugates, including dark toxicity and phototoxicity (660 nM, light dose: 10 J/cm²), were evaluated. Dark toxicity refers to the toxicity of PS conjugates against cancer cells in the absence of light and can be regarded as a crucial measure of the safety profile, while phototoxicity is the most direct indicator of the PDT efficacy of PS. The results showed that the dark toxicity of all the compounds against the five cell lines was comparatively low, demonstrating that the PS conjugates exhibited a high safety index in the absence of light. Compound 8b exhibited the optimum tumor cell selectivity in terms of phototoxicity, with the IC50 values of 0.82 uM against HepG2 cells and 2.4 uM against Huh-7 cells, respectively, whereas its toxicity against GPC3-negative cell lines was >10 uM. Although compounds 8a and 8c-d exhibited excellent phototoxicity against HepG2 and Huh-7 cells, (IC50 range: 0.2-2.0 uM), these compounds lacked selectivity between GPC3-overexpressed and GPC3-negative cells because they also showed considerable phototoxicity against the cell lines with minimal GPC3 expression. Notably, compound 1 showed low phototoxicity and selectivity against all the tested cell lines (IC50 > 10 uM).

Subsequently, the antiproliferative activities of the PS conjugates, including dark toxicity and phototoxicity (660 nM, light dose: 10 J/cm²), were evaluated. Dark toxicity refers to the toxicity of PS conjugates against cancer cells in the absence of light and can be regarded as a crucial measure of the safety profile, while phototoxicity is the most direct indicator of the PDT efficacy of PS. The results showed that the dark toxicity of all the compounds against the five cell lines was comparatively low, demonstrating that the PS conjugates exhibited a high safety index in the absence of light. Compound 8b exhibited the optimum tumor cell selectivity in terms of phototoxicity, with the IC50 values of 0.82 uM against HepG2 cells and 2.4 uM against Huh-7 cells, respectively, whereas its toxicity against GPC3-negative cell lines was >10 uM. Although compounds 8a and 8c-d exhibited excellent phototoxicity against HepG2 and Huh-7 cells, (IC50 range: 0.2-2.0 uM), these compounds lacked selectivity between GPC3-overexpressed and GPC3-negative cells because they also showed considerable phototoxicity against the cell lines with minimal GPC3 expression. Notably, compound 1 showed low phototoxicity and selectivity against all the tested cell lines (IC50 > 10 uM).

Subsequently, the antiproliferative activities of the PS conjugates, including dark toxicity and phototoxicity (660 nM, light dose: 10 J/cm²), were evaluated. Dark toxicity refers to the toxicity of PS conjugates against cancer cells in the absence of light and can be regarded as a crucial measure of the safety profile, while phototoxicity is the most direct indicator of the PDT efficacy of PS. The results showed that the dark toxicity of all the compounds against the five cell lines was comparatively low, demonstrating that the PS conjugates exhibited a high safety index in the absence of light. Compound 8b exhibited the optimum tumor cell selectivity in terms of phototoxicity, with the IC50 values of 0.82 uM against HepG2 cells and 2.4 uM against Huh-7 cells, respectively, whereas its toxicity against GPC3-negative cell lines was >10 uM. Although compounds 8a and 8c-d exhibited excellent phototoxicity against HepG2 and Huh-7 cells, (IC50 range: 0.2-2.0 uM), these compounds lacked selectivity between GPC3-overexpressed and GPC3-negative cells because they also showed considerable phototoxicity against the cell lines with minimal GPC3 expression. Notably, compound 1 showed low phototoxicity and selectivity against all the tested cell lines (IC50 > 10 uM).

Subsequently, the antiproliferative activities of the PS conjugates, including dark toxicity and phototoxicity (660 nM, light dose: 10 J/cm²), were evaluated. Dark toxicity refers to the toxicity of PS conjugates against cancer cells in the absence of light and can be regarded as a crucial measure of the safety profile, while phototoxicity is the most direct indicator of the PDT efficacy of PS. The results showed that the dark toxicity of all the compounds against the five cell lines was comparatively low, demonstrating that the PS conjugates exhibited a high safety index in the absence of light. Compound 8b exhibited the optimum tumor cell selectivity in terms of phototoxicity, with the IC50 values of 0.82 uM against HepG2 cells and 2.4 uM against Huh-7 cells, respectively, whereas its toxicity against GPC3-negative cell lines was >10 uM. Although compounds 8a and 8c-d exhibited excellent phototoxicity against HepG2 and Huh-7 cells, (IC50 range: 0.2-2.0 uM), these compounds lacked selectivity between GPC3-overexpressed and GPC3-negative cells because they also showed considerable phototoxicity against the cell lines with minimal GPC3 expression. Notably, compound 1 showed low phototoxicity and selectivity against all the tested cell lines (IC50 > 10 uM).

Subsequently, the antiproliferative activities of the PS conjugates, including dark toxicity and phototoxicity (660 nM, light dose: 10 J/cm²), were evaluated. Dark toxicity refers to the toxicity of PS conjugates against cancer cells in the absence of light and can be regarded as a crucial measure of the safety profile, while phototoxicity is the most direct indicator of the PDT efficacy of PS. The results showed that the dark toxicity of all the compounds against the five cell lines was comparatively low, demonstrating that the PS conjugates exhibited a high safety index in the absence of light. Compound 8b exhibited the optimum tumor cell selectivity in terms of phototoxicity, with the IC50 values of 0.82 uM against HepG2 cells and 2.4 uM against Huh-7 cells, respectively, whereas its toxicity against GPC3-negative cell lines was >10 uM. Although compounds 8a and 8c-d exhibited excellent phototoxicity against HepG2 and Huh-7 cells, (IC50 range: 0.2-2.0 uM), these compounds lacked selectivity between GPC3-overexpressed and GPC3-negative cells because they also showed considerable phototoxicity against the cell lines with minimal GPC3 expression. Notably, compound 1 showed low phototoxicity and selectivity against all the tested cell lines (IC50 > 10 uM).

Subsequently, the antiproliferative activities of the PS conjugates, including dark toxicity and phototoxicity (660 nM, light dose: 10 J/cm²), were evaluated. Dark toxicity refers to the toxicity of PS conjugates against cancer cells in the absence of light and can be regarded as a crucial measure of the safety profile, while phototoxicity is the most direct indicator of the PDT efficacy of PS. The results showed that the dark toxicity of all the compounds against the five cell lines was comparatively low, demonstrating that the PS conjugates exhibited a high safety index in the absence of light. Compound 8b exhibited the optimum tumor cell selectivity in terms of phototoxicity, with the IC50 values of 0.82 uM against HepG2 cells and 2.4 uM against Huh-7 cells, respectively, whereas its toxicity against GPC3-negative cell lines was >10 uM. Although compounds 8a and 8c-d exhibited excellent phototoxicity against HepG2 and Huh-7 cells, (IC50 range: 0.2-2.0 uM), these compounds lacked selectivity between GPC3-overexpressed and GPC3-negative cells because they also showed considerable phototoxicity against the cell lines with minimal GPC3 expression. Notably, compound 1 showed low phototoxicity and selectivity against all the tested cell lines (IC50 > 10 uM).

Subsequently, the antiproliferative activities of the PS conjugates, including dark toxicity and phototoxicity (660 nM, light dose: 10 J/cm²), were evaluated. Dark toxicity refers to the toxicity of PS conjugates against cancer cells in the absence of light and can be regarded as a crucial measure of the safety profile, while phototoxicity is the most direct indicator of the PDT efficacy of PS. The results showed that the dark toxicity of all the compounds against the five cell lines was comparatively low, demonstrating that the PS conjugates exhibited a high safety index in the absence of light. Compound 8b exhibited the optimum tumor cell selectivity in terms of phototoxicity, with the IC50 values of 0.82 uM against HepG2 cells and 2.4 uM against Huh-7 cells, respectively, whereas its toxicity against GPC3-negative cell lines was >10 uM. Although compounds 8a and 8c-d exhibited excellent phototoxicity against HepG2 and Huh-7 cells, (IC50 range: 0.2-2.0 uM), these compounds lacked selectivity between GPC3-overexpressed and GPC3-negative cells because they also showed considerable phototoxicity against the cell lines with minimal GPC3 expression. Notably, compound 1 showed low phototoxicity and selectivity against all the tested cell lines (IC50 > 10 uM).

Subsequently, the antiproliferative activities of the PS conjugates, including dark toxicity and phototoxicity (660 nM, light dose: 10 J/cm²), were evaluated. Dark toxicity refers to the toxicity of PS conjugates against cancer cells in the absence of light and can be regarded as a crucial measure of the safety profile, while phototoxicity is the most direct indicator of the PDT efficacy of PS. The results showed that the dark toxicity of all the compounds against the five cell lines was comparatively low, demonstrating that the PS conjugates exhibited a high safety index in the absence of light. Compound 8b exhibited the optimum tumor cell selectivity in terms of phototoxicity, with the IC50 values of 0.82 uM against HepG2 cells and 2.4 uM against Huh-7 cells, respectively, whereas its toxicity against GPC3-negative cell lines was >10 uM. Although compounds 8a and 8c-d exhibited excellent phototoxicity against HepG2 and Huh-7 cells, (IC50 range: 0.2-2.0 uM), these compounds lacked selectivity between GPC3-overexpressed and GPC3-negative cells because they also showed considerable phototoxicity against the cell lines with minimal GPC3 expression. Notably, compound 1 showed low phototoxicity and selectivity against all the tested cell lines (IC50 > 10 uM).

Subsequently, the antiproliferative activities of the PS conjugates, including dark toxicity and phototoxicity (660 nM, light dose: 10 J/cm²), were evaluated. Dark toxicity refers to the toxicity of PS conjugates against cancer cells in the absence of light and can be regarded as a crucial measure of the safety profile, while phototoxicity is the most direct indicator of the PDT efficacy of PS. The results showed that the dark toxicity of all the compounds against the five cell lines was comparatively low, demonstrating that the PS conjugates exhibited a high safety index in the absence of light. Compound 8b exhibited the optimum tumor cell selectivity in terms of phototoxicity, with the IC50 values of 0.82 uM against HepG2 cells and 2.4 uM against Huh-7 cells, respectively, whereas its toxicity against GPC3-negative cell lines was >10 uM. Although compounds 8a and 8c-d exhibited excellent phototoxicity against HepG2 and Huh-7 cells, (IC50 range: 0.2-2.0 uM), these compounds lacked selectivity between GPC3-overexpressed and GPC3-negative cells because they also showed considerable phototoxicity against the cell lines with minimal GPC3 expression. Notably, compound 1 showed low phototoxicity and selectivity against all the tested cell lines (IC50 > 10 uM).

Subsequently, the antiproliferative activities of the PS conjugates, including dark toxicity and phototoxicity (660 nM, light dose: 10 J/cm²), were evaluated. Dark toxicity refers to the toxicity of PS conjugates against cancer cells in the absence of light and can be regarded as a crucial measure of the safety profile, while phototoxicity is the most direct indicator of the PDT efficacy of PS. The results showed that the dark toxicity of all the compounds against the five cell lines was comparatively low, demonstrating that the PS conjugates exhibited a high safety index in the absence of light. Compound 8b exhibited the optimum tumor cell selectivity in terms of phototoxicity, with the IC50 values of 0.82 uM against HepG2 cells and 2.4 uM against Huh-7 cells, respectively, whereas its toxicity against GPC3-negative cell lines was >10 uM. Although compounds 8a and 8c-d exhibited excellent phototoxicity against HepG2 and Huh-7 cells, (IC50 range: 0.2-2.0 uM), these compounds lacked selectivity between GPC3-overexpressed and GPC3-negative cells because they also showed considerable phototoxicity against the cell lines with minimal GPC3 expression. Notably, compound 1 showed low phototoxicity and selectivity against all the tested cell lines (IC50 > 10 uM).

Subsequently, the antiproliferative activities of the PS conjugates, including dark toxicity and phototoxicity (660 nM, light dose: 10 J/cm²), were evaluated. Dark toxicity refers to the toxicity of PS conjugates against cancer cells in the absence of light and can be regarded as a crucial measure of the safety profile, while phototoxicity is the most direct indicator of the PDT efficacy of PS. The results showed that the dark toxicity of all the compounds against the five cell lines was comparatively low, demonstrating that the PS conjugates exhibited a high safety index in the absence of light. Compound 8b exhibited the optimum tumor cell selectivity in terms of phototoxicity, with the IC50 values of 0.82 uM against HepG2 cells and 2.4 uM against Huh-7 cells, respectively, whereas its toxicity against GPC3-negative cell lines was >10 uM. Although compounds 8a and 8c-d exhibited excellent phototoxicity against HepG2 and Huh-7 cells, (IC50 range: 0.2-2.0 uM), these compounds lacked selectivity between GPC3-overexpressed and GPC3-negative cells because they also showed considerable phototoxicity against the cell lines with minimal GPC3 expression. Notably, compound 1 showed low phototoxicity and selectivity against all the tested cell lines (IC50 > 10 uM).

Subsequently, the antiproliferative activities of the PS conjugates, including dark toxicity and phototoxicity (660 nM, light dose: 10 J/cm²), were evaluated. Dark toxicity refers to the toxicity of PS conjugates against cancer cells in the absence of light and can be regarded as a crucial measure of the safety profile, while phototoxicity is the most direct indicator of the PDT efficacy of PS. The results showed that the dark toxicity of all the compounds against the five cell lines was comparatively low, demonstrating that the PS conjugates exhibited a high safety index in the absence of light. Compound 8b exhibited the optimum tumor cell selectivity in terms of phototoxicity, with the IC50 values of 0.82 uM against HepG2 cells and 2.4 uM against Huh-7 cells, respectively, whereas its toxicity against GPC3-negative cell lines was >10 uM. Although compounds 8a and 8c-d exhibited excellent phototoxicity against HepG2 and Huh-7 cells, (IC50 range: 0.2-2.0 uM), these compounds lacked selectivity between GPC3-overexpressed and GPC3-negative cells because they also showed considerable phototoxicity against the cell lines with minimal GPC3 expression. Notably, compound 1 showed low phototoxicity and selectivity against all the tested cell lines (IC50 > 10 uM).

Subsequently, the antiproliferative activities of the PS conjugates, including dark toxicity and phototoxicity (660 nM, light dose: 10 J/cm²), were evaluated. Dark toxicity refers to the toxicity of PS conjugates against cancer cells in the absence of light and can be regarded as a crucial measure of the safety profile, while phototoxicity is the most direct indicator of the PDT efficacy of PS. The results showed that the dark toxicity of all the compounds against the five cell lines was comparatively low, demonstrating that the PS conjugates exhibited a high safety index in the absence of light. Compound 8b exhibited the optimum tumor cell selectivity in terms of phototoxicity, with the IC50 values of 0.82 uM against HepG2 cells and 2.4 uM against Huh-7 cells, respectively, whereas its toxicity against GPC3-negative cell lines was >10 uM. Although compounds 8a and 8c-d exhibited excellent phototoxicity against HepG2 and Huh-7 cells, (IC50 range: 0.2-2.0 uM), these compounds lacked selectivity between GPC3-overexpressed and GPC3-negative cells because they also showed considerable phototoxicity against the cell lines with minimal GPC3 expression. Notably, compound 1 showed low phototoxicity and selectivity against all the tested cell lines (IC50 > 10 uM).

Subsequently, the antiproliferative activities of the PS conjugates, including dark toxicity and phototoxicity (660 nM, light dose: 10 J/cm²), were evaluated. Dark toxicity refers to the toxicity of PS conjugates against cancer cells in the absence of light and can be regarded as a crucial measure of the safety profile, while phototoxicity is the most direct indicator of the PDT efficacy of PS. The results showed that the dark toxicity of all the compounds against the five cell lines was comparatively low, demonstrating that the PS conjugates exhibited a high safety index in the absence of light. Compound 8b exhibited the optimum tumor cell selectivity in terms of phototoxicity, with the IC50 values of 0.82 uM against HepG2 cells and 2.4 uM against Huh-7 cells, respectively, whereas its toxicity against GPC3-negative cell lines was >10 uM. Although compounds 8a and 8c-d exhibited excellent phototoxicity against HepG2 and Huh-7 cells, (IC50 range: 0.2-2.0 uM), these compounds lacked selectivity between GPC3-overexpressed and GPC3-negative cells because they also showed considerable phototoxicity against the cell lines with minimal GPC3 expression. Notably, compound 1 showed low phototoxicity and selectivity against all the tested cell lines (IC50 > 10 uM).

Subsequently, the antiproliferative activities of the PS conjugates, including dark toxicity and phototoxicity (660 nM, light dose: 10 J/cm²), were evaluated. Dark toxicity refers to the toxicity of PS conjugates against cancer cells in the absence of light and can be regarded as a crucial measure of the safety profile, while phototoxicity is the most direct indicator of the PDT efficacy of PS. The results showed that the dark toxicity of all the compounds against the five cell lines was comparatively low, demonstrating that the PS conjugates exhibited a high safety index in the absence of light. Compound 8b exhibited the optimum tumor cell selectivity in terms of phototoxicity, with the IC50 values of 0.82 uM against HepG2 cells and 2.4 uM against Huh-7 cells, respectively, whereas its toxicity against GPC3-negative cell lines was >10 uM. Although compounds 8a and 8c-d exhibited excellent phototoxicity against HepG2 and Huh-7 cells, (IC50 range: 0.2-2.0 uM), these compounds lacked selectivity between GPC3-overexpressed and GPC3-negative cells because they also showed considerable phototoxicity against the cell lines with minimal GPC3 expression. Notably, compound 1 showed low phototoxicity and selectivity against all the tested cell lines (IC50 > 10 uM).

Subsequently, the antiproliferative activities of the PS conjugates, including dark toxicity and phototoxicity (660 nM, light dose: 10 J/cm²), were evaluated. Dark toxicity refers to the toxicity of PS conjugates against cancer cells in the absence of light and can be regarded as a crucial measure of the safety profile, while phototoxicity is the most direct indicator of the PDT efficacy of PS. The results showed that the dark toxicity of all the compounds against the five cell lines was comparatively low, demonstrating that the PS conjugates exhibited a high safety index in the absence of light. Compound 8b exhibited the optimum tumor cell selectivity in terms of phototoxicity, with the IC50 values of 0.82 uM against HepG2 cells and 2.4 uM against Huh-7 cells, respectively, whereas its toxicity against GPC3-negative cell lines was >10 uM. Although compounds 8a and 8c-d exhibited excellent phototoxicity against HepG2 and Huh-7 cells, (IC50 range: 0.2-2.0 uM), these compounds lacked selectivity between GPC3-overexpressed and GPC3-negative cells because they also showed considerable phototoxicity against the cell lines with minimal GPC3 expression. Notably, compound 1 showed low phototoxicity and selectivity against all the tested cell lines (IC50 > 10 uM).

Subsequently, the antiproliferative activities of the PS conjugates, including dark toxicity and phototoxicity (660 nM, light dose: 10 J/cm²), were evaluated. Dark toxicity refers to the toxicity of PS conjugates against cancer cells in the absence of light and can be regarded as a crucial measure of the safety profile, while phototoxicity is the most direct indicator of the PDT efficacy of PS. The results showed that the dark toxicity of all the compounds against the five cell lines was comparatively low, demonstrating that the PS conjugates exhibited a high safety index in the absence of light. Compound 8b exhibited the optimum tumor cell selectivity in terms of phototoxicity, with the IC50 values of 0.82 uM against HepG2 cells and 2.4 uM against Huh-7 cells, respectively, whereas its toxicity against GPC3-negative cell lines was >10 uM. Although compounds 8a and 8c-d exhibited excellent phototoxicity against HepG2 and Huh-7 cells, (IC50 range: 0.2-2.0 uM), these compounds lacked selectivity between GPC3-overexpressed and GPC3-negative cells because they also showed considerable phototoxicity against the cell lines with minimal GPC3 expression. Notably, compound 1 showed low phototoxicity and selectivity against all the tested cell lines (IC50 > 10 uM).

Subsequently, the antiproliferative activities of the PS conjugates, including dark toxicity and phototoxicity (660 nM, light dose: 10 J/cm²), were evaluated. Dark toxicity refers to the toxicity of PS conjugates against cancer cells in the absence of light and can be regarded as a crucial measure of the safety profile, while phototoxicity is the most direct indicator of the PDT efficacy of PS. The results showed that the dark toxicity of all the compounds against the five cell lines was comparatively low, demonstrating that the PS conjugates exhibited a high safety index in the absence of light. Compound 8b exhibited the optimum tumor cell selectivity in terms of phototoxicity, with the IC50 values of 0.82 uM against HepG2 cells and 2.4 uM against Huh-7 cells, respectively, whereas its toxicity against GPC3-negative cell lines was >10 uM. Although compounds 8a and 8c-d exhibited excellent phototoxicity against HepG2 and Huh-7 cells, (IC50 range: 0.2-2.0 uM), these compounds lacked selectivity between GPC3-overexpressed and GPC3-negative cells because they also showed considerable phototoxicity against the cell lines with minimal GPC3 expression. Notably, compound 1 showed low phototoxicity and selectivity against all the tested cell lines (IC50 > 10 uM).

Subsequently, the antiproliferative activities of the PS conjugates, including dark toxicity and phototoxicity (660 nM, light dose: 10 J/cm²), were evaluated. Dark toxicity refers to the toxicity of PS conjugates against cancer cells in the absence of light and can be regarded as a crucial measure of the safety profile, while phototoxicity is the most direct indicator of the PDT efficacy of PS. The results showed that the dark toxicity of all the compounds against the five cell lines was comparatively low, demonstrating that the PS conjugates exhibited a high safety index in the absence of light. Compound 8b exhibited the optimum tumor cell selectivity in terms of phototoxicity, with the IC50 values of 0.82 uM against HepG2 cells and 2.4 uM against Huh-7 cells, respectively, whereas its toxicity against GPC3-negative cell lines was >10 uM. Although compounds 8a and 8c-d exhibited excellent phototoxicity against HepG2 and Huh-7 cells, (IC50 range: 0.2-2.0 uM), these compounds lacked selectivity between GPC3-overexpressed and GPC3-negative cells because they also showed considerable phototoxicity against the cell lines with minimal GPC3 expression. Notably, compound 1 showed low phototoxicity and selectivity against all the tested cell lines (IC50 > 10 uM).

Subsequently, the antiproliferative activities of the PS conjugates, including dark toxicity and phototoxicity (660 nM, light dose: 10 J/cm²), were evaluated. Dark toxicity refers to the toxicity of PS conjugates against cancer cells in the absence of light and can be regarded as a crucial measure of the safety profile, while phototoxicity is the most direct indicator of the PDT efficacy of PS. The results showed that the dark toxicity of all the compounds against the five cell lines was comparatively low, demonstrating that the PS conjugates exhibited a high safety index in the absence of light. Compound 8b exhibited the optimum tumor cell selectivity in terms of phototoxicity, with the IC50 values of 0.82 uM against HepG2 cells and 2.4 uM against Huh-7 cells, respectively, whereas its toxicity against GPC3-negative cell lines was >10 uM. Although compounds 8a and 8c-d exhibited excellent phototoxicity against HepG2 and Huh-7 cells, (IC50 range: 0.2-2.0 uM), these compounds lacked selectivity between GPC3-overexpressed and GPC3-negative cells because they also showed considerable phototoxicity against the cell lines with minimal GPC3 expression. Notably, compound 1 showed low phototoxicity and selectivity against all the tested cell lines (IC50 > 10 uM).

Subsequently, the antiproliferative activities of the PS conjugates, including dark toxicity and phototoxicity (660 nM, light dose: 10 J/cm²), were evaluated. Dark toxicity refers to the toxicity of PS conjugates against cancer cells in the absence of light and can be regarded as a crucial measure of the safety profile, while phototoxicity is the most direct indicator of the PDT efficacy of PS. The results showed that the dark toxicity of all the compounds against the five cell lines was comparatively low, demonstrating that the PS conjugates exhibited a high safety index in the absence of light. Compound 8b exhibited the optimum tumor cell selectivity in terms of phototoxicity, with the IC50 values of 0.82 uM against HepG2 cells and 2.4 uM against Huh-7 cells, respectively, whereas its toxicity against GPC3-negative cell lines was >10 uM. Although compounds 8a and 8c-d exhibited excellent phototoxicity against HepG2 and Huh-7 cells, (IC50 range: 0.2-2.0 uM), these compounds lacked selectivity between GPC3-overexpressed and GPC3-negative cells because they also showed considerable phototoxicity against the cell lines with minimal GPC3 expression. Notably, compound 1 showed low phototoxicity and selectivity against all the tested cell lines (IC50 > 10 uM).

Subsequently, the antiproliferative activities of the PS conjugates, including dark toxicity and phototoxicity (660 nM, light dose: 10 J/cm²), were evaluated. Dark toxicity refers to the toxicity of PS conjugates against cancer cells in the absence of light and can be regarded as a crucial measure of the safety profile, while phototoxicity is the most direct indicator of the PDT efficacy of PS. The results showed that the dark toxicity of all the compounds against the five cell lines was comparatively low, demonstrating that the PS conjugates exhibited a high safety index in the absence of light. Compound 8b exhibited the optimum tumor cell selectivity in terms of phototoxicity, with the IC50 values of 0.82 uM against HepG2 cells and 2.4 uM against Huh-7 cells, respectively, whereas its toxicity against GPC3-negative cell lines was >10 uM. Although compounds 8a and 8c-d exhibited excellent phototoxicity against HepG2 and Huh-7 cells, (IC50 range: 0.2-2.0 uM), these compounds lacked selectivity between GPC3-overexpressed and GPC3-negative cells because they also showed considerable phototoxicity against the cell lines with minimal GPC3 expression. Notably, compound 1 showed low phototoxicity and selectivity against all the tested cell lines (IC50 > 10 uM).

Subsequently, the antiproliferative activities of the PS conjugates, including dark toxicity and phototoxicity (660 nM, light dose: 10 J/cm²), were evaluated. Dark toxicity refers to the toxicity of PS conjugates against cancer cells in the absence of light and can be regarded as a crucial measure of the safety profile, while phototoxicity is the most direct indicator of the PDT efficacy of PS. The results showed that the dark toxicity of all the compounds against the five cell lines was comparatively low, demonstrating that the PS conjugates exhibited a high safety index in the absence of light. Compound 8b exhibited the optimum tumor cell selectivity in terms of phototoxicity, with the IC50 values of 0.82 uM against HepG2 cells and 2.4 uM against Huh-7 cells, respectively, whereas its toxicity against GPC3-negative cell lines was >10 uM. Although compounds 8a and 8c-d exhibited excellent phototoxicity against HepG2 and Huh-7 cells, (IC50 range: 0.2-2.0 uM), these compounds lacked selectivity between GPC3-overexpressed and GPC3-negative cells because they also showed considerable phototoxicity against the cell lines with minimal GPC3 expression. Notably, compound 1 showed low phototoxicity and selectivity against all the tested cell lines (IC50 > 10 uM).

Subsequently, the antiproliferative activities of the PS conjugates, including dark toxicity and phototoxicity (660 nM, light dose: 10 J/cm²), were evaluated. Dark toxicity refers to the toxicity of PS conjugates against cancer cells in the absence of light and can be regarded as a crucial measure of the safety profile, while phototoxicity is the most direct indicator of the PDT efficacy of PS. The results showed that the dark toxicity of all the compounds against the five cell lines was comparatively low, demonstrating that the PS conjugates exhibited a high safety index in the absence of light. Compound 8b exhibited the optimum tumor cell selectivity in terms of phototoxicity, with the IC50 values of 0.82 uM against HepG2 cells and 2.4 uM against Huh-7 cells, respectively, whereas its toxicity against GPC3-negative cell lines was >10 uM. Although compounds 8a and 8c-d exhibited excellent phototoxicity against HepG2 and Huh-7 cells, (IC50 range: 0.2-2.0 uM), these compounds lacked selectivity between GPC3-overexpressed and GPC3-negative cells because they also showed considerable phototoxicity against the cell lines with minimal GPC3 expression. Notably, compound 1 showed low phototoxicity and selectivity against all the tested cell lines (IC50 > 10 uM).

Subsequently, the antiproliferative activities of the PS conjugates, including dark toxicity and phototoxicity (660 nM, light dose: 10 J/cm²), were evaluated. Dark toxicity refers to the toxicity of PS conjugates against cancer cells in the absence of light and can be regarded as a crucial measure of the safety profile, while phototoxicity is the most direct indicator of the PDT efficacy of PS. The results showed that the dark toxicity of all the compounds against the five cell lines was comparatively low, demonstrating that the PS conjugates exhibited a high safety index in the absence of light. Compound 8b exhibited the optimum tumor cell selectivity in terms of phototoxicity, with the IC50 values of 0.82 uM against HepG2 cells and 2.4 uM against Huh-7 cells, respectively, whereas its toxicity against GPC3-negative cell lines was >10 uM. Although compounds 8a and 8c-d exhibited excellent phototoxicity against HepG2 and Huh-7 cells, (IC50 range: 0.2-2.0 uM), these compounds lacked selectivity between GPC3-overexpressed and GPC3-negative cells because they also showed considerable phototoxicity against the cell lines with minimal GPC3 expression. Notably, compound 1 showed low phototoxicity and selectivity against all the tested cell lines (IC50 > 10 uM).

Subsequently, the antiproliferative activities of the PS conjugates, including dark toxicity and phototoxicity (660 nM, light dose: 10 J/cm²), were evaluated. Dark toxicity refers to the toxicity of PS conjugates against cancer cells in the absence of light and can be regarded as a crucial measure of the safety profile, while phototoxicity is the most direct indicator of the PDT efficacy of PS. The results showed that the dark toxicity of all the compounds against the five cell lines was comparatively low, demonstrating that the PS conjugates exhibited a high safety index in the absence of light. Compound 8b exhibited the optimum tumor cell selectivity in terms of phototoxicity, with the IC50 values of 0.82 uM against HepG2 cells and 2.4 uM against Huh-7 cells, respectively, whereas its toxicity against GPC3-negative cell lines was >10 uM. Although compounds 8a and 8c-d exhibited excellent phototoxicity against HepG2 and Huh-7 cells, (IC50 range: 0.2-2.0 uM), these compounds lacked selectivity between GPC3-overexpressed and GPC3-negative cells because they also showed considerable phototoxicity against the cell lines with minimal GPC3 expression. Notably, compound 1 showed low phototoxicity and selectivity against all the tested cell lines (IC50 > 10 uM).

Subsequently, the antiproliferative activities of the PS conjugates, including dark toxicity and phototoxicity (660 nM, light dose: 10 J/cm²), were evaluated. Dark toxicity refers to the toxicity of PS conjugates against cancer cells in the absence of light and can be regarded as a crucial measure of the safety profile, while phototoxicity is the most direct indicator of the PDT efficacy of PS. The results showed that the dark toxicity of all the compounds against the five cell lines was comparatively low, demonstrating that the PS conjugates exhibited a high safety index in the absence of light. Compound 8b exhibited the optimum tumor cell selectivity in terms of phototoxicity, with the IC50 values of 0.82 uM against HepG2 cells and 2.4 uM against Huh-7 cells, respectively, whereas its toxicity against GPC3-negative cell lines was >10 uM. Although compounds 8a and 8c-d exhibited excellent phototoxicity against HepG2 and Huh-7 cells, (IC50 range: 0.2-2.0 uM), these compounds lacked selectivity between GPC3-overexpressed and GPC3-negative cells because they also showed considerable phototoxicity against the cell lines with minimal GPC3 expression. Notably, compound 1 showed low phototoxicity and selectivity against all the tested cell lines (IC50 > 10 uM).

Subsequently, the antiproliferative activities of the PS conjugates, including dark toxicity and phototoxicity (660 nM, light dose: 10 J/cm²), were evaluated. Dark toxicity refers to the toxicity of PS conjugates against cancer cells in the absence of light and can be regarded as a crucial measure of the safety profile, while phototoxicity is the most direct indicator of the PDT efficacy of PS. The results showed that the dark toxicity of all the compounds against the five cell lines was comparatively low, demonstrating that the PS conjugates exhibited a high safety index in the absence of light. Compound 8b exhibited the optimum tumor cell selectivity in terms of phototoxicity, with the IC50 values of 0.82 uM against HepG2 cells and 2.4 uM against Huh-7 cells, respectively, whereas its toxicity against GPC3-negative cell lines was >10 uM. Although compounds 8a and 8c-d exhibited excellent phototoxicity against HepG2 and Huh-7 cells, (IC50 range: 0.2-2.0 uM), these compounds lacked selectivity between GPC3-overexpressed and GPC3-negative cells because they also showed considerable phototoxicity against the cell lines with minimal GPC3 expression. Notably, compound 1 showed low phototoxicity and selectivity against all the tested cell lines (IC50 > 10 uM).

Subsequently, the antiproliferative activities of the PS conjugates, including dark toxicity and phototoxicity (660 nM, light dose: 10 J/cm²), were evaluated. Dark toxicity refers to the toxicity of PS conjugates against cancer cells in the absence of light and can be regarded as a crucial measure of the safety profile, while phototoxicity is the most direct indicator of the PDT efficacy of PS. The results showed that the dark toxicity of all the compounds against the five cell lines was comparatively low, demonstrating that the PS conjugates exhibited a high safety index in the absence of light. Compound 8b exhibited the optimum tumor cell selectivity in terms of phototoxicity, with the IC50 values of 0.82 uM against HepG2 cells and 2.4 uM against Huh-7 cells, respectively, whereas its toxicity against GPC3-negative cell lines was >10 uM. Although compounds 8a and 8c-d exhibited excellent phototoxicity against HepG2 and Huh-7 cells, (IC50 range: 0.2-2.0 uM), these compounds lacked selectivity between GPC3-overexpressed and GPC3-negative cells because they also showed considerable phototoxicity against the cell lines with minimal GPC3 expression. Notably, compound 1 showed low phototoxicity and selectivity against all the tested cell lines (IC50 > 10 uM).

Subsequently, the antiproliferative activities of the PS conjugates, including dark toxicity and phototoxicity (660 nM, light dose: 10 J/cm²), were evaluated. Dark toxicity refers to the toxicity of PS conjugates against cancer cells in the absence of light and can be regarded as a crucial measure of the safety profile, while phototoxicity is the most direct indicator of the PDT efficacy of PS. The results showed that the dark toxicity of all the compounds against the five cell lines was comparatively low, demonstrating that the PS conjugates exhibited a high safety index in the absence of light. Compound 8b exhibited the optimum tumor cell selectivity in terms of phototoxicity, with the IC50 values of 0.82 uM against HepG2 cells and 2.4 uM against Huh-7 cells, respectively, whereas its toxicity against GPC3-negative cell lines was >10 uM. Although compounds 8a and 8c-d exhibited excellent phototoxicity against HepG2 and Huh-7 cells, (IC50 range: 0.2-2.0 uM), these compounds lacked selectivity between GPC3-overexpressed and GPC3-negative cells because they also showed considerable phototoxicity against the cell lines with minimal GPC3 expression. Notably, compound 1 showed low phototoxicity and selectivity against all the tested cell lines (IC50 > 10 uM).

Conjugation of the drugs to P4 affected their efficacy toward A20 cells. For chlorambucil and melphalan, conjugation reduced the cytotoxic effect and this was significant for chlorambucil at 25 μM (p = 0.0013). On the other hand, conjugation significantly improved the cytotoxic effect of bendamustine at 25 (p = 0.043) and 50 μM (p = 0.048). The efficacies of all P6-conjugates were significantly lower than those of P4-conjugates at concentrations above 10 μM.

Conjugation of the drugs to P4 affected their efficacy toward A20 cells. For chlorambucil and melphalan, conjugation reduced the cytotoxic effect and this was significant for chlorambucil at 25 μM (p = 0.0013). On the other hand, conjugation significantly improved the cytotoxic effect of bendamustine at 25 (p = 0.043) and 50 μM (p = 0.048). The efficacies of all P6-conjugates were significantly lower than those of P4-conjugates at concentrations above 10 μM.

Conjugation of the drugs to P4 affected their efficacy toward A20 cells. For chlorambucil and melphalan, conjugation reduced the cytotoxic effect and this was significant for chlorambucil at 25 μM (p = 0.0013). On the other hand, conjugation significantly improved the cytotoxic effect of bendamustine at 25 (p = 0.043) and 50 μM (p = 0.048). The efficacies of all P6-conjugates were significantly lower than those of P4-conjugates at concentrations above 10 μM.

Conjugation of the drugs to P4 affected their efficacy toward A20 cells. For chlorambucil and melphalan, conjugation reduced the cytotoxic effect and this was significant for chlorambucil at 25 μM (p = 0.0013). On the other hand, conjugation significantly improved the cytotoxic effect of bendamustine at 25 (p = 0.043) and 50 μM (p = 0.048). The efficacies of all P6-conjugates were significantly lower than those of P4-conjugates at concentrations above 10 μM.