General Information of This Peptide-drug Conjugate (PDC)
PDC ID
PDC_01018
PDC Name
Pentapeptide 8 - 1-(2,3-Dichlorophenyl)piperazine conjugate
PDC Status
Investigative
Indication
In total 1 Indication(s)
Bacterial infection
Structure
Peptide Name
Tryptophan
 Peptide Info 
Drug Name
1-(2,3-Dichlorophenyl)piperazine
 Drug Info 
Linker Name
Amide bond
 Linker Info 
Formula
C21H22Cl2N4O
#Ro5 Violations (Lipinski): 0 Molecular Weight 417.34
Lipid-water partition coefficient (xlogp) 3.6933
Hydrogen Bond Donor Count (hbonddonor) 2
Hydrogen Bond Acceptor Count (hbondacc) 3
Rotatable Bond Count (rotbonds) 4
Full List of Activity Data of This Peptide-drug Conjugate
Revealed Based on the Cell Line Data
Click To Hide/Show 14 Activity Data Related to This Level
Experiment 1 Reporting the Activity Data of This PDC [1]
Indication Bacterial infection
Efficacy Data Minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC)
27 μg/mL
Administration Time 16-18 h
Evaluation Method Microdilution method
MOA of PDC
Elastin protein-based polymers have their origin in repeating sequences of the mammalian elastic protein, elastin. The sequences of elastin peptides chosen are tetrapeptides, pentapeptides and tricosamers (30 amino acids) and also aromatic amino acids. These have been conjugated to 1-(2,3-dichlorophenyl)piperazine to study the effect of conjugation on the activity. The conjugates so obtained were characterized by physical and analytical techniques followed by the antimicrobial evaluation. The study revealed that all the conjugates have exhibited enhanced activity than the conventional drugs. Further, the conjugates of tricosamers have shown extraordinary activity against the fungal species with MIC value of 3-5 μg/ml which is five fold more potent than the antibiotic used.

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Description
Based on this observation we were very much projected towards the conjugation of elastin based peptides with varying chain length and hydrophobicity. We focused our attention on tetrapeptide elastin sequences with varying hydrophobicity. Among the analogs tested GGAP (29), GGIP (30) and GGFP (31), the latter has exhibited more activity i.e., GGFP with Phe unit has exerted nearly two times more potent activity than the antibiotics used where as the other two tetrapeptides conjugated heterocycle have shown comparatively less activity than GGFP which could be due to less hydrophobicity of amino acids present at the second position. Thus the order of activity among tetrapeptide conjugates is GGFP > GGIP > GGAP. In the light of the above findings, our subsequent goal was to incorporate GVGVP and GFGFP pentapeptide elastin sequences for conjugation. The pentapeptide conjugates have shown more than two fold potent activity compared to reference drugs used. Among these, GFGFP conjugate (33) has shown slight enhancement in the activity over GVGVP conjugate (32) which may be due to the presence of two more hydrophobic Phe units in 33. Inspection of the results further revealed that the conjugate 26 having single Phe residue has shown enhanced activity. On the other hand, retaining of only one Phe unit and increasing the peptide chain length has caused further increase in the activity (~two times) which is evident from the conjugate GGFP (31). Similarly, the remaining two tetrapeptide conjugates GGIP and GGAP have shown increased activity compared to Phe alone (26). Also, when the length of the peptide chain increased as well as two Phe residues were introduced (greater hydrophobicity) as in GFGFP (33) has exhibited two times greater activity than the standard drugs. This trend was followed in GVGVP conjugate (32) also. Hence, it can be inferred that as the length of the peptide chain as well as the hydrophobicity increases the activity also increases. Thus, the order of activity of the heterocyclic conjugated peptides is found to be GFGFP > GVGVP > GGFP > GGIP > GGAP > Phe > Trp > Tyr.

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In Vitro Model Xanthomonas oryzae infection Xanthomonas oryzae 347
Experiment 2 Reporting the Activity Data of This PDC [1]
Indication Bacterial infection
Efficacy Data Minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC)
31 μg/mL
Administration Time 16-18 h
Evaluation Method Microdilution method
MOA of PDC
Elastin protein-based polymers have their origin in repeating sequences of the mammalian elastic protein, elastin. The sequences of elastin peptides chosen are tetrapeptides, pentapeptides and tricosamers (30 amino acids) and also aromatic amino acids. These have been conjugated to 1-(2,3-dichlorophenyl)piperazine to study the effect of conjugation on the activity. The conjugates so obtained were characterized by physical and analytical techniques followed by the antimicrobial evaluation. The study revealed that all the conjugates have exhibited enhanced activity than the conventional drugs. Further, the conjugates of tricosamers have shown extraordinary activity against the fungal species with MIC value of 3-5 μg/ml which is five fold more potent than the antibiotic used.

   Click to Show/Hide
Description
Based on this observation we were very much projected towards the conjugation of elastin based peptides with varying chain length and hydrophobicity. We focused our attention on tetrapeptide elastin sequences with varying hydrophobicity. Among the analogs tested GGAP (29), GGIP (30) and GGFP (31), the latter has exhibited more activity i.e., GGFP with Phe unit has exerted nearly two times more potent activity than the antibiotics used where as the other two tetrapeptides conjugated heterocycle have shown comparatively less activity than GGFP which could be due to less hydrophobicity of amino acids present at the second position. Thus the order of activity among tetrapeptide conjugates is GGFP > GGIP > GGAP. In the light of the above findings, our subsequent goal was to incorporate GVGVP and GFGFP pentapeptide elastin sequences for conjugation. The pentapeptide conjugates have shown more than two fold potent activity compared to reference drugs used. Among these, GFGFP conjugate (33) has shown slight enhancement in the activity over GVGVP conjugate (32) which may be due to the presence of two more hydrophobic Phe units in 33. Inspection of the results further revealed that the conjugate 26 having single Phe residue has shown enhanced activity. On the other hand, retaining of only one Phe unit and increasing the peptide chain length has caused further increase in the activity (~two times) which is evident from the conjugate GGFP (31). Similarly, the remaining two tetrapeptide conjugates GGIP and GGAP have shown increased activity compared to Phe alone (26). Also, when the length of the peptide chain increased as well as two Phe residues were introduced (greater hydrophobicity) as in GFGFP (33) has exhibited two times greater activity than the standard drugs. This trend was followed in GVGVP conjugate (32) also. Hence, it can be inferred that as the length of the peptide chain as well as the hydrophobicity increases the activity also increases. Thus, the order of activity of the heterocyclic conjugated peptides is found to be GFGFP > GVGVP > GGFP > GGIP > GGAP > Phe > Trp > Tyr.

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In Vitro Model Klebsiella pneumoniae infection Klebsiella pneumoniae 573
Experiment 3 Reporting the Activity Data of This PDC [1]
Indication Bacterial infection
Efficacy Data Minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC)
32 μg/mL
Administration Time 16-18 h
Evaluation Method Microdilution method
MOA of PDC
Elastin protein-based polymers have their origin in repeating sequences of the mammalian elastic protein, elastin. The sequences of elastin peptides chosen are tetrapeptides, pentapeptides and tricosamers (30 amino acids) and also aromatic amino acids. These have been conjugated to 1-(2,3-dichlorophenyl)piperazine to study the effect of conjugation on the activity. The conjugates so obtained were characterized by physical and analytical techniques followed by the antimicrobial evaluation. The study revealed that all the conjugates have exhibited enhanced activity than the conventional drugs. Further, the conjugates of tricosamers have shown extraordinary activity against the fungal species with MIC value of 3-5 μg/ml which is five fold more potent than the antibiotic used.

   Click to Show/Hide
Description
Based on this observation we were very much projected towards the conjugation of elastin based peptides with varying chain length and hydrophobicity. We focused our attention on tetrapeptide elastin sequences with varying hydrophobicity. Among the analogs tested GGAP (29), GGIP (30) and GGFP (31), the latter has exhibited more activity i.e., GGFP with Phe unit has exerted nearly two times more potent activity than the antibiotics used where as the other two tetrapeptides conjugated heterocycle have shown comparatively less activity than GGFP which could be due to less hydrophobicity of amino acids present at the second position. Thus the order of activity among tetrapeptide conjugates is GGFP > GGIP > GGAP. In the light of the above findings, our subsequent goal was to incorporate GVGVP and GFGFP pentapeptide elastin sequences for conjugation. The pentapeptide conjugates have shown more than two fold potent activity compared to reference drugs used. Among these, GFGFP conjugate (33) has shown slight enhancement in the activity over GVGVP conjugate (32) which may be due to the presence of two more hydrophobic Phe units in 33. Inspection of the results further revealed that the conjugate 26 having single Phe residue has shown enhanced activity. On the other hand, retaining of only one Phe unit and increasing the peptide chain length has caused further increase in the activity (~two times) which is evident from the conjugate GGFP (31). Similarly, the remaining two tetrapeptide conjugates GGIP and GGAP have shown increased activity compared to Phe alone (26). Also, when the length of the peptide chain increased as well as two Phe residues were introduced (greater hydrophobicity) as in GFGFP (33) has exhibited two times greater activity than the standard drugs. This trend was followed in GVGVP conjugate (32) also. Hence, it can be inferred that as the length of the peptide chain as well as the hydrophobicity increases the activity also increases. Thus, the order of activity of the heterocyclic conjugated peptides is found to be GFGFP > GVGVP > GGFP > GGIP > GGAP > Phe > Trp > Tyr.

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In Vitro Model Aspergillus niger infection Aspergillus niger 5061
Experiment 4 Reporting the Activity Data of This PDC [1]
Indication Bacterial infection
Efficacy Data Minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC)
35 μg/mL
Administration Time 16-18 h
Evaluation Method Microdilution method
MOA of PDC
Elastin protein-based polymers have their origin in repeating sequences of the mammalian elastic protein, elastin. The sequences of elastin peptides chosen are tetrapeptides, pentapeptides and tricosamers (30 amino acids) and also aromatic amino acids. These have been conjugated to 1-(2,3-dichlorophenyl)piperazine to study the effect of conjugation on the activity. The conjugates so obtained were characterized by physical and analytical techniques followed by the antimicrobial evaluation. The study revealed that all the conjugates have exhibited enhanced activity than the conventional drugs. Further, the conjugates of tricosamers have shown extraordinary activity against the fungal species with MIC value of 3-5 μg/ml which is five fold more potent than the antibiotic used.

   Click to Show/Hide
Description
Based on this observation we were very much projected towards the conjugation of elastin based peptides with varying chain length and hydrophobicity. We focused our attention on tetrapeptide elastin sequences with varying hydrophobicity. Among the analogs tested GGAP (29), GGIP (30) and GGFP (31), the latter has exhibited more activity i.e., GGFP with Phe unit has exerted nearly two times more potent activity than the antibiotics used where as the other two tetrapeptides conjugated heterocycle have shown comparatively less activity than GGFP which could be due to less hydrophobicity of amino acids present at the second position. Thus the order of activity among tetrapeptide conjugates is GGFP > GGIP > GGAP. In the light of the above findings, our subsequent goal was to incorporate GVGVP and GFGFP pentapeptide elastin sequences for conjugation. The pentapeptide conjugates have shown more than two fold potent activity compared to reference drugs used. Among these, GFGFP conjugate (33) has shown slight enhancement in the activity over GVGVP conjugate (32) which may be due to the presence of two more hydrophobic Phe units in 33. Inspection of the results further revealed that the conjugate 26 having single Phe residue has shown enhanced activity. On the other hand, retaining of only one Phe unit and increasing the peptide chain length has caused further increase in the activity (~two times) which is evident from the conjugate GGFP (31). Similarly, the remaining two tetrapeptide conjugates GGIP and GGAP have shown increased activity compared to Phe alone (26). Also, when the length of the peptide chain increased as well as two Phe residues were introduced (greater hydrophobicity) as in GFGFP (33) has exhibited two times greater activity than the standard drugs. This trend was followed in GVGVP conjugate (32) also. Hence, it can be inferred that as the length of the peptide chain as well as the hydrophobicity increases the activity also increases. Thus, the order of activity of the heterocyclic conjugated peptides is found to be GFGFP > GVGVP > GGFP > GGIP > GGAP > Phe > Trp > Tyr.

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In Vitro Model Staphylococcus infection Staphylococcus 1279
Experiment 5 Reporting the Activity Data of This PDC [1]
Indication Bacterial infection
Efficacy Data Minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC)
39 μg/mL
Administration Time 16-18 h
Evaluation Method Microdilution method
MOA of PDC
Elastin protein-based polymers have their origin in repeating sequences of the mammalian elastic protein, elastin. The sequences of elastin peptides chosen are tetrapeptides, pentapeptides and tricosamers (30 amino acids) and also aromatic amino acids. These have been conjugated to 1-(2,3-dichlorophenyl)piperazine to study the effect of conjugation on the activity. The conjugates so obtained were characterized by physical and analytical techniques followed by the antimicrobial evaluation. The study revealed that all the conjugates have exhibited enhanced activity than the conventional drugs. Further, the conjugates of tricosamers have shown extraordinary activity against the fungal species with MIC value of 3-5 μg/ml which is five fold more potent than the antibiotic used.

   Click to Show/Hide
Description
Based on this observation we were very much projected towards the conjugation of elastin based peptides with varying chain length and hydrophobicity. We focused our attention on tetrapeptide elastin sequences with varying hydrophobicity. Among the analogs tested GGAP (29), GGIP (30) and GGFP (31), the latter has exhibited more activity i.e., GGFP with Phe unit has exerted nearly two times more potent activity than the antibiotics used where as the other two tetrapeptides conjugated heterocycle have shown comparatively less activity than GGFP which could be due to less hydrophobicity of amino acids present at the second position. Thus the order of activity among tetrapeptide conjugates is GGFP > GGIP > GGAP. In the light of the above findings, our subsequent goal was to incorporate GVGVP and GFGFP pentapeptide elastin sequences for conjugation. The pentapeptide conjugates have shown more than two fold potent activity compared to reference drugs used. Among these, GFGFP conjugate (33) has shown slight enhancement in the activity over GVGVP conjugate (32) which may be due to the presence of two more hydrophobic Phe units in 33. Inspection of the results further revealed that the conjugate 26 having single Phe residue has shown enhanced activity. On the other hand, retaining of only one Phe unit and increasing the peptide chain length has caused further increase in the activity (~two times) which is evident from the conjugate GGFP (31). Similarly, the remaining two tetrapeptide conjugates GGIP and GGAP have shown increased activity compared to Phe alone (26). Also, when the length of the peptide chain increased as well as two Phe residues were introduced (greater hydrophobicity) as in GFGFP (33) has exhibited two times greater activity than the standard drugs. This trend was followed in GVGVP conjugate (32) also. Hence, it can be inferred that as the length of the peptide chain as well as the hydrophobicity increases the activity also increases. Thus, the order of activity of the heterocyclic conjugated peptides is found to be GFGFP > GVGVP > GGFP > GGIP > GGAP > Phe > Trp > Tyr.

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In Vitro Model Escherichia coli infection Escherichia coli 562
Experiment 6 Reporting the Activity Data of This PDC [1]
Indication Bacterial infection
Efficacy Data Minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC)
39 μg/mL
Administration Time 16-18 h
Evaluation Method Microdilution method
MOA of PDC
Elastin protein-based polymers have their origin in repeating sequences of the mammalian elastic protein, elastin. The sequences of elastin peptides chosen are tetrapeptides, pentapeptides and tricosamers (30 amino acids) and also aromatic amino acids. These have been conjugated to 1-(2,3-dichlorophenyl)piperazine to study the effect of conjugation on the activity. The conjugates so obtained were characterized by physical and analytical techniques followed by the antimicrobial evaluation. The study revealed that all the conjugates have exhibited enhanced activity than the conventional drugs. Further, the conjugates of tricosamers have shown extraordinary activity against the fungal species with MIC value of 3-5 μg/ml which is five fold more potent than the antibiotic used.

   Click to Show/Hide
Description
Based on this observation we were very much projected towards the conjugation of elastin based peptides with varying chain length and hydrophobicity. We focused our attention on tetrapeptide elastin sequences with varying hydrophobicity. Among the analogs tested GGAP (29), GGIP (30) and GGFP (31), the latter has exhibited more activity i.e., GGFP with Phe unit has exerted nearly two times more potent activity than the antibiotics used where as the other two tetrapeptides conjugated heterocycle have shown comparatively less activity than GGFP which could be due to less hydrophobicity of amino acids present at the second position. Thus the order of activity among tetrapeptide conjugates is GGFP > GGIP > GGAP. In the light of the above findings, our subsequent goal was to incorporate GVGVP and GFGFP pentapeptide elastin sequences for conjugation. The pentapeptide conjugates have shown more than two fold potent activity compared to reference drugs used. Among these, GFGFP conjugate (33) has shown slight enhancement in the activity over GVGVP conjugate (32) which may be due to the presence of two more hydrophobic Phe units in 33. Inspection of the results further revealed that the conjugate 26 having single Phe residue has shown enhanced activity. On the other hand, retaining of only one Phe unit and increasing the peptide chain length has caused further increase in the activity (~two times) which is evident from the conjugate GGFP (31). Similarly, the remaining two tetrapeptide conjugates GGIP and GGAP have shown increased activity compared to Phe alone (26). Also, when the length of the peptide chain increased as well as two Phe residues were introduced (greater hydrophobicity) as in GFGFP (33) has exhibited two times greater activity than the standard drugs. This trend was followed in GVGVP conjugate (32) also. Hence, it can be inferred that as the length of the peptide chain as well as the hydrophobicity increases the activity also increases. Thus, the order of activity of the heterocyclic conjugated peptides is found to be GFGFP > GVGVP > GGFP > GGIP > GGAP > Phe > Trp > Tyr.

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In Vitro Model Fusarium oxysporum infection Fusarium oxysporum 5507
Experiment 7 Reporting the Activity Data of This PDC [1]
Indication Bacterial infection
Efficacy Data Minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC)
42 μg/mL
Administration Time 16-18 h
Evaluation Method Microdilution method
MOA of PDC
Elastin protein-based polymers have their origin in repeating sequences of the mammalian elastic protein, elastin. The sequences of elastin peptides chosen are tetrapeptides, pentapeptides and tricosamers (30 amino acids) and also aromatic amino acids. These have been conjugated to 1-(2,3-dichlorophenyl)piperazine to study the effect of conjugation on the activity. The conjugates so obtained were characterized by physical and analytical techniques followed by the antimicrobial evaluation. The study revealed that all the conjugates have exhibited enhanced activity than the conventional drugs. Further, the conjugates of tricosamers have shown extraordinary activity against the fungal species with MIC value of 3-5 μg/ml which is five fold more potent than the antibiotic used.

   Click to Show/Hide
Description
Based on this observation we were very much projected towards the conjugation of elastin based peptides with varying chain length and hydrophobicity. We focused our attention on tetrapeptide elastin sequences with varying hydrophobicity. Among the analogs tested GGAP (29), GGIP (30) and GGFP (31), the latter has exhibited more activity i.e., GGFP with Phe unit has exerted nearly two times more potent activity than the antibiotics used where as the other two tetrapeptides conjugated heterocycle have shown comparatively less activity than GGFP which could be due to less hydrophobicity of amino acids present at the second position. Thus the order of activity among tetrapeptide conjugates is GGFP > GGIP > GGAP. In the light of the above findings, our subsequent goal was to incorporate GVGVP and GFGFP pentapeptide elastin sequences for conjugation. The pentapeptide conjugates have shown more than two fold potent activity compared to reference drugs used. Among these, GFGFP conjugate (33) has shown slight enhancement in the activity over GVGVP conjugate (32) which may be due to the presence of two more hydrophobic Phe units in 33. Inspection of the results further revealed that the conjugate 26 having single Phe residue has shown enhanced activity. On the other hand, retaining of only one Phe unit and increasing the peptide chain length has caused further increase in the activity (~two times) which is evident from the conjugate GGFP (31). Similarly, the remaining two tetrapeptide conjugates GGIP and GGAP have shown increased activity compared to Phe alone (26). Also, when the length of the peptide chain increased as well as two Phe residues were introduced (greater hydrophobicity) as in GFGFP (33) has exhibited two times greater activity than the standard drugs. This trend was followed in GVGVP conjugate (32) also. Hence, it can be inferred that as the length of the peptide chain as well as the hydrophobicity increases the activity also increases. Thus, the order of activity of the heterocyclic conjugated peptides is found to be GFGFP > GVGVP > GGFP > GGIP > GGAP > Phe > Trp > Tyr.

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In Vitro Model Aspergillus flavus infection Aspergillus flavus 5059
Experiment 8 Reporting the Activity Data of This PDC [1]
Indication Bacterial infection
Efficacy Data Zone of inhibition
4 ± 0.11 mm
Administration Time 24 h
Administration Dosage 50 μg/ml
Evaluation Method Agar well diffusion method
MOA of PDC
Elastin protein-based polymers have their origin in repeating sequences of the mammalian elastic protein, elastin. The sequences of elastin peptides chosen are tetrapeptides, pentapeptides and tricosamers (30 amino acids) and also aromatic amino acids. These have been conjugated to 1-(2,3-dichlorophenyl)piperazine to study the effect of conjugation on the activity. The conjugates so obtained were characterized by physical and analytical techniques followed by the antimicrobial evaluation. The study revealed that all the conjugates have exhibited enhanced activity than the conventional drugs. Further, the conjugates of tricosamers have shown extraordinary activity against the fungal species with MIC value of 3-5 μg/ml which is five fold more potent than the antibiotic used.

   Click to Show/Hide
Description
Based on this observation we were very much projected towards the conjugation of elastin based peptides with varying chain length and hydrophobicity. We focused our attention on tetrapeptide elastin sequences with varying hydrophobicity. Among the analogs tested GGAP (29), GGIP (30) and GGFP (31), the latter has exhibited more activity i.e., GGFP with Phe unit has exerted nearly two times more potent activity than the antibiotics used where as the other two tetrapeptides conjugated heterocycle have shown comparatively less activity than GGFP which could be due to less hydrophobicity of amino acids present at the second position. Thus the order of activity among tetrapeptide conjugates is GGFP > GGIP > GGAP. In the light of the above findings, our subsequent goal was to incorporate GVGVP and GFGFP pentapeptide elastin sequences for conjugation. The pentapeptide conjugates have shown more than two fold potent activity compared to reference drugs used. Among these, GFGFP conjugate (33) has shown slight enhancement in the activity over GVGVP conjugate (32) which may be due to the presence of two more hydrophobic Phe units in 33. Inspection of the results further revealed that the conjugate 26 having single Phe residue has shown enhanced activity. On the other hand, retaining of only one Phe unit and increasing the peptide chain length has caused further increase in the activity (~two times) which is evident from the conjugate GGFP (31). Similarly, the remaining two tetrapeptide conjugates GGIP and GGAP have shown increased activity compared to Phe alone (26). Also, when the length of the peptide chain increased as well as two Phe residues were introduced (greater hydrophobicity) as in GFGFP (33) has exhibited two times greater activity than the standard drugs. This trend was followed in GVGVP conjugate (32) also. Hence, it can be inferred that as the length of the peptide chain as well as the hydrophobicity increases the activity also increases. Thus, the order of activity of the heterocyclic conjugated peptides is found to be GFGFP > GVGVP > GGFP > GGIP > GGAP > Phe > Trp > Tyr.

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In Vitro Model Staphylococcus infection Staphylococcus 1279
Experiment 9 Reporting the Activity Data of This PDC [1]
Indication Bacterial infection
Efficacy Data Zone of inhibition
5 ± 0.10 mm
Administration Time 24 h
Administration Dosage 50 μg/ml
Evaluation Method Agar well diffusion method
MOA of PDC
Elastin protein-based polymers have their origin in repeating sequences of the mammalian elastic protein, elastin. The sequences of elastin peptides chosen are tetrapeptides, pentapeptides and tricosamers (30 amino acids) and also aromatic amino acids. These have been conjugated to 1-(2,3-dichlorophenyl)piperazine to study the effect of conjugation on the activity. The conjugates so obtained were characterized by physical and analytical techniques followed by the antimicrobial evaluation. The study revealed that all the conjugates have exhibited enhanced activity than the conventional drugs. Further, the conjugates of tricosamers have shown extraordinary activity against the fungal species with MIC value of 3-5 μg/ml which is five fold more potent than the antibiotic used.

   Click to Show/Hide
Description
Based on this observation we were very much projected towards the conjugation of elastin based peptides with varying chain length and hydrophobicity. We focused our attention on tetrapeptide elastin sequences with varying hydrophobicity. Among the analogs tested GGAP (29), GGIP (30) and GGFP (31), the latter has exhibited more activity i.e., GGFP with Phe unit has exerted nearly two times more potent activity than the antibiotics used where as the other two tetrapeptides conjugated heterocycle have shown comparatively less activity than GGFP which could be due to less hydrophobicity of amino acids present at the second position. Thus the order of activity among tetrapeptide conjugates is GGFP > GGIP > GGAP. In the light of the above findings, our subsequent goal was to incorporate GVGVP and GFGFP pentapeptide elastin sequences for conjugation. The pentapeptide conjugates have shown more than two fold potent activity compared to reference drugs used. Among these, GFGFP conjugate (33) has shown slight enhancement in the activity over GVGVP conjugate (32) which may be due to the presence of two more hydrophobic Phe units in 33. Inspection of the results further revealed that the conjugate 26 having single Phe residue has shown enhanced activity. On the other hand, retaining of only one Phe unit and increasing the peptide chain length has caused further increase in the activity (~two times) which is evident from the conjugate GGFP (31). Similarly, the remaining two tetrapeptide conjugates GGIP and GGAP have shown increased activity compared to Phe alone (26). Also, when the length of the peptide chain increased as well as two Phe residues were introduced (greater hydrophobicity) as in GFGFP (33) has exhibited two times greater activity than the standard drugs. This trend was followed in GVGVP conjugate (32) also. Hence, it can be inferred that as the length of the peptide chain as well as the hydrophobicity increases the activity also increases. Thus, the order of activity of the heterocyclic conjugated peptides is found to be GFGFP > GVGVP > GGFP > GGIP > GGAP > Phe > Trp > Tyr.

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In Vitro Model Xanthomonas oryzae infection Xanthomonas oryzae 347
Experiment 10 Reporting the Activity Data of This PDC [1]
Indication Bacterial infection
Efficacy Data Zone of inhibition
5 ± 0.10 mm
Administration Time 24 h
Administration Dosage 50 μg/ml
Evaluation Method Agar well diffusion method
MOA of PDC
Elastin protein-based polymers have their origin in repeating sequences of the mammalian elastic protein, elastin. The sequences of elastin peptides chosen are tetrapeptides, pentapeptides and tricosamers (30 amino acids) and also aromatic amino acids. These have been conjugated to 1-(2,3-dichlorophenyl)piperazine to study the effect of conjugation on the activity. The conjugates so obtained were characterized by physical and analytical techniques followed by the antimicrobial evaluation. The study revealed that all the conjugates have exhibited enhanced activity than the conventional drugs. Further, the conjugates of tricosamers have shown extraordinary activity against the fungal species with MIC value of 3-5 μg/ml which is five fold more potent than the antibiotic used.

   Click to Show/Hide
Description
Based on this observation we were very much projected towards the conjugation of elastin based peptides with varying chain length and hydrophobicity. We focused our attention on tetrapeptide elastin sequences with varying hydrophobicity. Among the analogs tested GGAP (29), GGIP (30) and GGFP (31), the latter has exhibited more activity i.e., GGFP with Phe unit has exerted nearly two times more potent activity than the antibiotics used where as the other two tetrapeptides conjugated heterocycle have shown comparatively less activity than GGFP which could be due to less hydrophobicity of amino acids present at the second position. Thus the order of activity among tetrapeptide conjugates is GGFP > GGIP > GGAP. In the light of the above findings, our subsequent goal was to incorporate GVGVP and GFGFP pentapeptide elastin sequences for conjugation. The pentapeptide conjugates have shown more than two fold potent activity compared to reference drugs used. Among these, GFGFP conjugate (33) has shown slight enhancement in the activity over GVGVP conjugate (32) which may be due to the presence of two more hydrophobic Phe units in 33. Inspection of the results further revealed that the conjugate 26 having single Phe residue has shown enhanced activity. On the other hand, retaining of only one Phe unit and increasing the peptide chain length has caused further increase in the activity (~two times) which is evident from the conjugate GGFP (31). Similarly, the remaining two tetrapeptide conjugates GGIP and GGAP have shown increased activity compared to Phe alone (26). Also, when the length of the peptide chain increased as well as two Phe residues were introduced (greater hydrophobicity) as in GFGFP (33) has exhibited two times greater activity than the standard drugs. This trend was followed in GVGVP conjugate (32) also. Hence, it can be inferred that as the length of the peptide chain as well as the hydrophobicity increases the activity also increases. Thus, the order of activity of the heterocyclic conjugated peptides is found to be GFGFP > GVGVP > GGFP > GGIP > GGAP > Phe > Trp > Tyr.

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In Vitro Model Klebsiella pneumoniae infection Klebsiella pneumoniae 573
Experiment 11 Reporting the Activity Data of This PDC [1]
Indication Bacterial infection
Efficacy Data Zone of inhibition
5 ± 0.05 mm
Administration Time 24 h
Administration Dosage 50 μg/ml
Evaluation Method Agar well diffusion method
MOA of PDC
Elastin protein-based polymers have their origin in repeating sequences of the mammalian elastic protein, elastin. The sequences of elastin peptides chosen are tetrapeptides, pentapeptides and tricosamers (30 amino acids) and also aromatic amino acids. These have been conjugated to 1-(2,3-dichlorophenyl)piperazine to study the effect of conjugation on the activity. The conjugates so obtained were characterized by physical and analytical techniques followed by the antimicrobial evaluation. The study revealed that all the conjugates have exhibited enhanced activity than the conventional drugs. Further, the conjugates of tricosamers have shown extraordinary activity against the fungal species with MIC value of 3-5 μg/ml which is five fold more potent than the antibiotic used.

   Click to Show/Hide
Description
Based on this observation we were very much projected towards the conjugation of elastin based peptides with varying chain length and hydrophobicity. We focused our attention on tetrapeptide elastin sequences with varying hydrophobicity. Among the analogs tested GGAP (29), GGIP (30) and GGFP (31), the latter has exhibited more activity i.e., GGFP with Phe unit has exerted nearly two times more potent activity than the antibiotics used where as the other two tetrapeptides conjugated heterocycle have shown comparatively less activity than GGFP which could be due to less hydrophobicity of amino acids present at the second position. Thus the order of activity among tetrapeptide conjugates is GGFP > GGIP > GGAP. In the light of the above findings, our subsequent goal was to incorporate GVGVP and GFGFP pentapeptide elastin sequences for conjugation. The pentapeptide conjugates have shown more than two fold potent activity compared to reference drugs used. Among these, GFGFP conjugate (33) has shown slight enhancement in the activity over GVGVP conjugate (32) which may be due to the presence of two more hydrophobic Phe units in 33. Inspection of the results further revealed that the conjugate 26 having single Phe residue has shown enhanced activity. On the other hand, retaining of only one Phe unit and increasing the peptide chain length has caused further increase in the activity (~two times) which is evident from the conjugate GGFP (31). Similarly, the remaining two tetrapeptide conjugates GGIP and GGAP have shown increased activity compared to Phe alone (26). Also, when the length of the peptide chain increased as well as two Phe residues were introduced (greater hydrophobicity) as in GFGFP (33) has exhibited two times greater activity than the standard drugs. This trend was followed in GVGVP conjugate (32) also. Hence, it can be inferred that as the length of the peptide chain as well as the hydrophobicity increases the activity also increases. Thus, the order of activity of the heterocyclic conjugated peptides is found to be GFGFP > GVGVP > GGFP > GGIP > GGAP > Phe > Trp > Tyr.

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In Vitro Model Aspergillus flavus infection Aspergillus flavus 5059
Experiment 12 Reporting the Activity Data of This PDC [1]
Indication Bacterial infection
Efficacy Data Zone of inhibition
5 ± 0.15 mm
Administration Time 24 h
Administration Dosage 50 μg/ml
Evaluation Method Agar well diffusion method
MOA of PDC
Elastin protein-based polymers have their origin in repeating sequences of the mammalian elastic protein, elastin. The sequences of elastin peptides chosen are tetrapeptides, pentapeptides and tricosamers (30 amino acids) and also aromatic amino acids. These have been conjugated to 1-(2,3-dichlorophenyl)piperazine to study the effect of conjugation on the activity. The conjugates so obtained were characterized by physical and analytical techniques followed by the antimicrobial evaluation. The study revealed that all the conjugates have exhibited enhanced activity than the conventional drugs. Further, the conjugates of tricosamers have shown extraordinary activity against the fungal species with MIC value of 3-5 μg/ml which is five fold more potent than the antibiotic used.

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Description
Based on this observation we were very much projected towards the conjugation of elastin based peptides with varying chain length and hydrophobicity. We focused our attention on tetrapeptide elastin sequences with varying hydrophobicity. Among the analogs tested GGAP (29), GGIP (30) and GGFP (31), the latter has exhibited more activity i.e., GGFP with Phe unit has exerted nearly two times more potent activity than the antibiotics used where as the other two tetrapeptides conjugated heterocycle have shown comparatively less activity than GGFP which could be due to less hydrophobicity of amino acids present at the second position. Thus the order of activity among tetrapeptide conjugates is GGFP > GGIP > GGAP. In the light of the above findings, our subsequent goal was to incorporate GVGVP and GFGFP pentapeptide elastin sequences for conjugation. The pentapeptide conjugates have shown more than two fold potent activity compared to reference drugs used. Among these, GFGFP conjugate (33) has shown slight enhancement in the activity over GVGVP conjugate (32) which may be due to the presence of two more hydrophobic Phe units in 33. Inspection of the results further revealed that the conjugate 26 having single Phe residue has shown enhanced activity. On the other hand, retaining of only one Phe unit and increasing the peptide chain length has caused further increase in the activity (~two times) which is evident from the conjugate GGFP (31). Similarly, the remaining two tetrapeptide conjugates GGIP and GGAP have shown increased activity compared to Phe alone (26). Also, when the length of the peptide chain increased as well as two Phe residues were introduced (greater hydrophobicity) as in GFGFP (33) has exhibited two times greater activity than the standard drugs. This trend was followed in GVGVP conjugate (32) also. Hence, it can be inferred that as the length of the peptide chain as well as the hydrophobicity increases the activity also increases. Thus, the order of activity of the heterocyclic conjugated peptides is found to be GFGFP > GVGVP > GGFP > GGIP > GGAP > Phe > Trp > Tyr.

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In Vitro Model Fusarium oxysporum infection Fusarium oxysporum 5507
Experiment 13 Reporting the Activity Data of This PDC [1]
Indication Bacterial infection
Efficacy Data Zone of inhibition
6 ± 0.21 mm
Administration Time 24 h
Administration Dosage 50 μg/ml
Evaluation Method Agar well diffusion method
MOA of PDC
Elastin protein-based polymers have their origin in repeating sequences of the mammalian elastic protein, elastin. The sequences of elastin peptides chosen are tetrapeptides, pentapeptides and tricosamers (30 amino acids) and also aromatic amino acids. These have been conjugated to 1-(2,3-dichlorophenyl)piperazine to study the effect of conjugation on the activity. The conjugates so obtained were characterized by physical and analytical techniques followed by the antimicrobial evaluation. The study revealed that all the conjugates have exhibited enhanced activity than the conventional drugs. Further, the conjugates of tricosamers have shown extraordinary activity against the fungal species with MIC value of 3-5 μg/ml which is five fold more potent than the antibiotic used.

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Description
Based on this observation we were very much projected towards the conjugation of elastin based peptides with varying chain length and hydrophobicity. We focused our attention on tetrapeptide elastin sequences with varying hydrophobicity. Among the analogs tested GGAP (29), GGIP (30) and GGFP (31), the latter has exhibited more activity i.e., GGFP with Phe unit has exerted nearly two times more potent activity than the antibiotics used where as the other two tetrapeptides conjugated heterocycle have shown comparatively less activity than GGFP which could be due to less hydrophobicity of amino acids present at the second position. Thus the order of activity among tetrapeptide conjugates is GGFP > GGIP > GGAP. In the light of the above findings, our subsequent goal was to incorporate GVGVP and GFGFP pentapeptide elastin sequences for conjugation. The pentapeptide conjugates have shown more than two fold potent activity compared to reference drugs used. Among these, GFGFP conjugate (33) has shown slight enhancement in the activity over GVGVP conjugate (32) which may be due to the presence of two more hydrophobic Phe units in 33. Inspection of the results further revealed that the conjugate 26 having single Phe residue has shown enhanced activity. On the other hand, retaining of only one Phe unit and increasing the peptide chain length has caused further increase in the activity (~two times) which is evident from the conjugate GGFP (31). Similarly, the remaining two tetrapeptide conjugates GGIP and GGAP have shown increased activity compared to Phe alone (26). Also, when the length of the peptide chain increased as well as two Phe residues were introduced (greater hydrophobicity) as in GFGFP (33) has exhibited two times greater activity than the standard drugs. This trend was followed in GVGVP conjugate (32) also. Hence, it can be inferred that as the length of the peptide chain as well as the hydrophobicity increases the activity also increases. Thus, the order of activity of the heterocyclic conjugated peptides is found to be GFGFP > GVGVP > GGFP > GGIP > GGAP > Phe > Trp > Tyr.

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In Vitro Model Escherichia coli infection Escherichia coli 562
Experiment 14 Reporting the Activity Data of This PDC [1]
Indication Bacterial infection
Efficacy Data Zone of inhibition
7 ± 0.20 mm
Administration Time 24 h
Administration Dosage 50 μg/ml
Evaluation Method Agar well diffusion method
MOA of PDC
Elastin protein-based polymers have their origin in repeating sequences of the mammalian elastic protein, elastin. The sequences of elastin peptides chosen are tetrapeptides, pentapeptides and tricosamers (30 amino acids) and also aromatic amino acids. These have been conjugated to 1-(2,3-dichlorophenyl)piperazine to study the effect of conjugation on the activity. The conjugates so obtained were characterized by physical and analytical techniques followed by the antimicrobial evaluation. The study revealed that all the conjugates have exhibited enhanced activity than the conventional drugs. Further, the conjugates of tricosamers have shown extraordinary activity against the fungal species with MIC value of 3-5 μg/ml which is five fold more potent than the antibiotic used.

   Click to Show/Hide
Description
Based on this observation we were very much projected towards the conjugation of elastin based peptides with varying chain length and hydrophobicity. We focused our attention on tetrapeptide elastin sequences with varying hydrophobicity. Among the analogs tested GGAP (29), GGIP (30) and GGFP (31), the latter has exhibited more activity i.e., GGFP with Phe unit has exerted nearly two times more potent activity than the antibiotics used where as the other two tetrapeptides conjugated heterocycle have shown comparatively less activity than GGFP which could be due to less hydrophobicity of amino acids present at the second position. Thus the order of activity among tetrapeptide conjugates is GGFP > GGIP > GGAP. In the light of the above findings, our subsequent goal was to incorporate GVGVP and GFGFP pentapeptide elastin sequences for conjugation. The pentapeptide conjugates have shown more than two fold potent activity compared to reference drugs used. Among these, GFGFP conjugate (33) has shown slight enhancement in the activity over GVGVP conjugate (32) which may be due to the presence of two more hydrophobic Phe units in 33. Inspection of the results further revealed that the conjugate 26 having single Phe residue has shown enhanced activity. On the other hand, retaining of only one Phe unit and increasing the peptide chain length has caused further increase in the activity (~two times) which is evident from the conjugate GGFP (31). Similarly, the remaining two tetrapeptide conjugates GGIP and GGAP have shown increased activity compared to Phe alone (26). Also, when the length of the peptide chain increased as well as two Phe residues were introduced (greater hydrophobicity) as in GFGFP (33) has exhibited two times greater activity than the standard drugs. This trend was followed in GVGVP conjugate (32) also. Hence, it can be inferred that as the length of the peptide chain as well as the hydrophobicity increases the activity also increases. Thus, the order of activity of the heterocyclic conjugated peptides is found to be GFGFP > GVGVP > GGFP > GGIP > GGAP > Phe > Trp > Tyr.

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In Vitro Model Aspergillus niger infection Aspergillus niger 5061
References
Ref 1 A New Family of Highly Potent Inhibitors of Microbes: Synthesis and Conjugation of Elastin Based Peptides to Piperazine Derivative. Int J Pept Res Ther. 2012;18:89-98.