The tested compounds cytotoxic activity was determined using the MTT test, which is based on the ability to convert tetrazole salts to water insoluble formazan through mitochondrial dehydrogenases. Our results show a high cytotoxic effect on all pancreatic cancer cell lines. Exposing pancreatic cell lines MIA PaCa-2 and AsPC-1 to OGF-Gem decreased viability. Importantly, the OGF-Gem conjugate demonstrated a more pronounced cytotoxic effect against the metastatic pancreatic cancer cell line AsPC-1 compared to the commonly used chemotherapeutic agent. The results obtained for non-tumor-transformed cellsa human embryonic kidney line HEK-293 and human primary dermal fibroblast line HDFa presented a slight cytotoxicity effect from the OGF-Gem derivative within 3 days of incubation for all tested concentrations. Interestingly, an 80% reduction in HEK-293 cell viability was observed for the 100 nM Gem compared to the 100 nM OGF-Gem derivative. In HDFa cells, 100 nM Gem reduced viability to 35%, while the OGF-Gem conjugate slightly decreased the viability (to 75% viability) after 72 h of incubation. Based on the analysis of the results, concentrations of 3.125, 12.5, 50, and 100 nM, as well as an incubation time of 72 h, were selected for further experiments on the three pancreatic cancer cell lines.

The tested compounds cytotoxic activity was determined using the MTT test, which is based on the ability to convert tetrazole salts to water insoluble formazan through mitochondrial dehydrogenases. Our results show a high cytotoxic effect on all pancreatic cancer cell lines. Exposing pancreatic cell lines MIA PaCa-2 and AsPC-1 to OGF-Gem decreased viability. Importantly, the OGF-Gem conjugate demonstrated a more pronounced cytotoxic effect against the metastatic pancreatic cancer cell line AsPC-1 compared to the commonly used chemotherapeutic agent. The results obtained for non-tumor-transformed cellsa human embryonic kidney line HEK-293 and human primary dermal fibroblast line HDFa presented a slight cytotoxicity effect from the OGF-Gem derivative within 3 days of incubation for all tested concentrations. Interestingly, an 80% reduction in HEK-293 cell viability was observed for the 100 nM Gem compared to the 100 nM OGF-Gem derivative. In HDFa cells, 100 nM Gem reduced viability to 35%, while the OGF-Gem conjugate slightly decreased the viability (to 75% viability) after 72 h of incubation. Based on the analysis of the results, concentrations of 3.125, 12.5, 50, and 100 nM, as well as an incubation time of 72 h, were selected for further experiments on the three pancreatic cancer cell lines.